respiratory disease in animals vol 4 - سيريا فيت - الطب البيطري

د/عمرو · #1 10-04-2007, 12:47 صباحاً

Diagnostic Techniques

Clinical history and physical examination should aid in determining the possible cause and site of respiratory disease. Lateral cervical and thoracic radiographs may be helpful when obstructive upper airway disease or fixed airway obstruction is suspected (eg, tracheal foreign body, masses, foreign bodies, or stenosis). Thoracic radiographs are essential in any patient exhibiting lower respiratory signs (eg, cough, rapid shallow breathing, dyspnea). Blood gas analysis or pulse oximetry may help assess the need for oxygen therapy in a patient with severe dyspnea.

When obstructive upper airway disease is suspected, diagnostic procedures include nasopharyngoscopy, pharyngoscopy, laryngoscopy, and tracheobronchoscopy. Laryngeal function should be assessed, and the presence of obstructive lesions within the nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, or principal bronchi identified.

With diffuse or lobar lung disease, diagnostic procedures include transtracheal wash, bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, and transthoracic fine needle aspirates of lung. When bacterial pneumonia is suspected, bacterial culture of transtracheal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is recommended. Cytologic evaluation of transtracheal or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may aid in the diagnosis of fungal, parasitic, or allergic lung diseases. Transthoracic fine needle aspirates of lung often are useful in the diagnosis of fungal pneumonia, but have lower yields in the definitive diagnosis of solitary pulmonary lesions. Solitary pulmonary masses often require surgical excision for definitive diagnosis.

In dogs or cats with pleural effusions, thoracocentesis should be performed for cytologic and potentially microbiologic evaluation of fluid. In cats, pleural effusions often occur with cardiac disease and echocardiography should be performed. In animals suspected to have a chylous effusion, serum and fluid triglyceride levels should be determined. Chylous effusions are associated with fluid triglyceride levels greater than that in serum.

Acute nasal discarge, sneezing, or both may suggest the presence of infection (viral or bacterial) or a nasal foreign body. Chronic nasal discharge warrants further investigation via radiography (nose, guttural pouch), nasal computed tomography, rhinoscopy, nasopharyngoscopy, or nasal biopsy. Rhinoscopy may be of limited value if copious thick discharge or hemorrhage is present. Bacterial cultures of nasal tissue may be of value if bacterial rhinitis is suspected; however, in some species (eg, dog and cat) primary bacterial rhinitis is rare and typically occurs secondary to other nasal conditions. Cytologic evaluation of nasal tissue may help diagnose nasal fungal infections. Serologic testing for fungal respiratory infections may be considered, but these findings should correlate with the patient’s clinical signs and documentation of the presence of fungal organisms as false-positive and false-negative tests do occur.

dr_waleed04 · #2 23-08-2007, 11:27 مساء

الحمد لله الذى وفق لهذا و انشاء الله نحسبه فى ميزان حسناتك

د/عمرو · #3 11-09-2007, 01:30 مساء

متشكر جدااا دكتور وليد الله يبارك فيك ويعطيك العافية

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